Memory in Computers Memory is the storage area of a computer where instructions and data are stored, helping in the processing and execution of tasks. It's categorized into Primary Memory (Main Memory) and Secondary Memory (Permanent Storage) . Memory Hierarchy Computers require different types of memory for efficient functioning. Since fast memory is more expensive, it can't be used excessively. Therefore, a hierarchy exists based on speed and cost : Registers - The fastest and smallest, even faster than cache. Cache Memory (SRAM) - Faster than main memory and close to the CPU. Main Memory (RAM) Secondary Storage - Long-term, slower storage. (Figure hierarchy). Types of Memory Primary Memory Read Only Memory (ROM) : This non-volatile memory stores permanent data and instructions. Once data is written, it cannot be changed, hence "read-only." ROM is crucial for storing the BIOS , which initializes hardware and loads the operating system. Types of ROM : PROM (...